In psicologia si sente spesso parlare di pensiero e capacità metacognitive, ma cosa sono?
Partiamo dall’etimologia che è tanto cara a noi psicologi poiché elemento che ci aiuta a capire le origini e a contestualizzare. Metacognizione: unisce la parola greca μετα che significa ‘con, dopo’, e cognitio -onis, ovvero la facoltà di conoscere, come capacità di apprendere e valutare la realtà circostante (Treccani, enciclopedia online). Quindi, la metacognizione è la capacità acquisita che ci aiuta ad avere consapevolezza dei propri processi cognitivi, nonché la capacità di riflettere sui nostri stati emotivi. Un altro elemento proprio della capacità metacognitiva è quello di capire e porre un limite tra ciò che è il prodotto del nostro pensiero e ciò che invece appartiene al pensiero degli altri, creando un confine tra me e l’altro, il mio pensiero e il suo pensiero. Di conseguenza, ci aiuta a capire cosa accade intorno a noi e, quindi, a trovare un nostro spazio nelle relazioni con gli altri. Non solo, ci permette di capire anche l’importantissimo rapporto c’è tra quello che viviamo e quello che proviamo.
Una prima capacità di pensiero metacognitiva è visibile già a partire dai 3 anni. Detto questo e avendo dato una definizione a questa complessa e articolata capacità la domanda che mi pongo è: quando la relazione affettiva con l’adulto di riferimento non è sana, la capacità metacognitiva si sviluppa lo stesso?
Nelle prime relazioni si gettano le basi con cui creiamo i nostri primi schemi e modelli mentali che ci aiutano a definire come comportarci con noi stessi e con gli altri, in modo consapevolmente o inconsapevolmente. Prendiamo come esempio il modo in cui una figura di riferimento (genitore o tutore) risponde alle richieste del bambino e il modo in cui quest’ultimo impara da loro come rispondere a determinate richieste. Questi schemi sono delle rappresentazioni mentali di ‘sé con l’altro’, ovvero dei modelli su cui costruiamo le relazioni future. Vien da sé che rispondere in modo appropriato alle richieste del bambino lo aiuterà ad avere una linearità e una rispondenza corretta tra lo stimolo e la risposta, creando un fondamento solido per la costruzione di un attaccamento sicuro che attiva le capacità del bambino di esplorazione e un corretto sviluppo affettivo e cognitivo.
Nel momento in cui viene a mancare questa corretta rispondenza si crea uno schema differente, confuso o incongruente che non permette un pieno sviluppo sano e lineare delle dimensioni affettive e cognitive. Viene a mancare o si ha una ridotta capacità di riconoscere e dare il nome giusto alle emozioni creando una sorta confusione emotiva che si ripercuote nelle capacità relazionali.
Tutto questo per dire che molto spesso (purtroppo) si arriva all’età adulta che non si hanno le capacità metacognitive pienamente sviluppate. Fortunatamente, non è mai troppo tardi, perché il nostro cervello ha la preziosissima caratteristica di crescere, imparare e migliorarsi sempre, per cui non è mai troppo tardi per avviarsi alla consapevolezza e a una sano benessere!
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